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The following list of Y-STR markers are commonly used in forensic and genealogical DNA testing. DYS454 is the least diverse, and multi-copy marker DYS464 is the most diverse Y-STR marker. The location on the Y-chromosome of numbered Y-STR markers can be roughly given with cytogenetic localization. For example DYS449 is located at Yp11.2 - meaning the Y-chromosome, petit arm, band 1, sub-band 1, sub-sub-band 2 - DYS449.〔(DYS449 in the GDB Human Genome Database )〕 For a nearly complete map of the position of Y-STR markers have a look at (Ymap ) from Family Tree DNA. Forensic Labs usually use PowerPlex Y (Promega Corporation) and Yfiler (Applied Biosystems) kits that examine 12 or 17 Y-STRs, respectively. Genealogical DNA test labs examine up to 442 Y-STRs. ==Mutation rates== Mutation rates are those per generation, as estimated in Chandler (2006).〔(Chandler (2006) ) (but see also this (mailing list discussion ))〕 The quoted estimated errors are typically +/- 15-20%. Alternative estimates (for forensic use therefore not all markers are covered) from observed pedigrees are also available at the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database. It appears that some trinucleotide markers may have much higher mutation rates at some repeat lengths than at others. For example, variation of the trinucleotide DYS388 is generally very slow in most haplogroups, when it takes the values 11-13. But there appears to be much greater variation and more rapid mutation in Haplogroup J, where it typically has values 14-18. Similarly the trinucleotide DYS392 is reported to be "fast" in haplogroups N and Q, where it takes values 14-16 which are rare in other groups.〔(GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives — DYS 388 Mutation Rate? )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Y-STR markers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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